Resins with high surface areas and porosities

ABSTRACT

Organic resins with high surface areas and porosities, which are insoluble in organic solvents and contain few or no flexible groups in the resin structure, are disclosed. Also disclosed is a process for making such resins from polyfunctional aryl alkali metal compounds and a second polyfunctional monomer. Such resins are useful as absorbants.

This is a division of Ser. No. 07/472,997 filed on Jan. 31, 1990.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides high surface area and porosity resins, which arehighly crosslinked, insoluble organic compositions and useful asabsorbants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It has been known in the art for many years that certain highlycrosslinked addition polymers such as those derived from styrene anddivinylbenzene, and from (meth)acrylates and polyfunctional(meth)acrylates, when made under certain conditions, have very highsurface areas and porosities. These polymers, sometimes calledmacroreticular polymers, are articles of commerce, for example thosebeing sold by the Rohm and Haas Company under the tradename Amberlite,and in particular the Amberlite XAD series. Described in the next 7paragraphs is some of the information published about macroreticularresins. More information may be found in the references cited.

An early report on macroreticular resins is that of R. Kunin, et. al.,J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 84, pp. 305-306 (1962), in which it is reportedthat copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene give polymers with highsurface areas, mostly reported to be under 100 m² /g. The apparent keyto getting high surface areas is performing the polymerization in a goodsolvent for the monomers but a poor solvent for polymers.

K. A. Kun and R. Kunin in Polym. Lett., vol. 2, pp. 587-591 (1964),describe the structure of such macroreticular polymers as ". . .agglomerates of randomly packed microspheres with a continuous nongelpore structure similar to that found in bone char or alumina."

R. L. Gustafson, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. and Dev., vol. 7,pp. 107-115 (1968) further describe the adsorption properties of thesestyrene-divinylbenzene polymers, but in this paper several of thepolymers have surface areas much greater than 100 m² /g and porositiesof 25% or more.

J. Paleos, J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 31, pp. 7-18 (1969) furtherdescribes adsorption by styrene divinylbenzene polymers, and alsodescribes macroreticular polymers derived from acrylic monomers.

W. G. Rixey and C. J. King, J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 131, pp.320-332 (1989) describe some surface area and porosity properties of theAmberlite resins.

A booklet published in 1985 by Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.,entitled "Catalysis by functionalized Porous Organic Polymers" has auseful review of macroreticular resins, both of their properties andhistorically.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,415 describes the preparation of macroreticularresins from acrylic and styrenic monomers, among others, in particulartypes of solvent systems. The solvent systems were necessary to producethe macroreticular resins. Other U.S. patents illustrating the synthesisof macroreticular resins, and the compositional range of monomersuseful, include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,221,871, 4,382,124, 3,663,467,3,767,600 and 3,322,695. Most of these use basically the same type oftechnology described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,415.

In all of the above references cited, all of the polymers haveflexibilizing groups (infra) resulting from the fact that they areformed by polymerization of vinyl monomers (polymerization of any vinylmonomer results in polymers with flexiblizing groups).

O. Ermer, in J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 110, pp. 3747-3754 (1988),describes the theoretical possibility of making polymers containingadamantane groups that would have interstities of fixed size, much likea zeolite. However, the discussion is purely theoretical, and nopolymers are actually made. The compound used experimentally is amonomer that is held together by hydrogen bonding, not a polymer orresin.

B. F. Hoskins and R. Robson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 111, pp. 5962-5964(1989), describe the preparation of a copper complex that is crystallinebut has large adamantane-like cavities. It was speculated in a report onthis paper in Chem. Eng. News, Jul. 31, 1989, p. 32 that such astructure may provide molecular sieve and ion-exchange properties. Nomention is made of making similar organic polymers or resins.

S. M. Aharoni and S. F. Edwards in Macromol., vol. 22, pp. 3361-3374(1989) describe gels made from rigid polyamide networks. Virtually allof the work described in this paper is done when the polymer is swollenwith a solvent to form a gel. Dried gel particles were described as"highly ramified" but no mention is made of surface area or porosity.

I. Johannsen, et. al., Macromol., vol. 22, pp. 566-570 (1989) describethe polymerization of 1,3,5-triaminobenzene to give an air unstablehighly crosslinked polymer. When polymerized over about 24 hr. thepolymer is described as consisting of spheres 1-10 micrometers indiameter. No mention is made of high porosity or surface area.

P. A. Agaskar in J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 111, pp. 6858-6859 (1989)describes some macromolecules made from "vinyl functionalizedspherosilicates." Although the material is described as beingpotentially microporous, after removal of solvent no microporosity wasfound experimentally.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,630 describes the preparation of highly branched,functionalized, wholly aromatic poly(arylenes). No mention is made ofthe surface area or porosity of these materials, and they are soluble inorganic solvents.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,325 describes a process for the formation of aso-called "BBB" polymer with a high surface area, 100 to 500 m² /g ormore. No porosity of this polymer is reported in this patent. Althoughthis polymer has no flexiblizing groups, it is reported elsewhere to besoluble in methanesulfonic acid.

It is the object of this invention to provide insoluble, high surfacearea and high porosity resins that contain little or no flexiblizinggroups, for use as absorbants as for oil spills. A further object ofthis invention is to provide a method for the synthesis of such resins.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides insoluble resins that have a surface area of atleast 100 m² /g and a porosity of at least 20%, and wherein the resincontains less than 10 mole percent of flexiblizing groups. Thisinvention also provides a process for making the above resins byreacting a polyfunctional aryl alkali metal compound with anotherpolyfunctional monomer to form the resin.

DETAILS OF THE INVENTION

This invention concerns a composition, comprising, an insoluble resinwith a surface area of at least 100 m² /g and a porosity of at least20%, and wherein said resin contains less than 10 mole percent, based onthe total amount of monomer, of flexiblizing groups.

By insoluble is meant a composition that does not dissolve in commonorganic solvents or a combination of common organic solvents, to form asolution (as opposed to a suspension or dispersion). By common organicsolvents are meant compounds that are commonly available to chemicalresearch workers, such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons,halocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, fluorocarbons, ethers,amides, sulfoxides, sulfonic acids, amines and others. A few typicalsolvents are hexane, toluene, ethanol, acetone, benzaldehyde, methylenechloride, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethyacetamide, tetrahydrofuran,dimethylsulfoxide, methanesulfonic acid, triethylamine and so on. Inorder to be soluble in a solvent, the resin must be recoverablesubstantially unchanged from a solution in that solvent (in the case oforganic solvents that are acidic or basic, it may be necessary, and ispermissible, to neutralize any salt that is formed between the solventand the polymer, in order to recover the original polymer). Polymersthat cannot be recovered substantially unchanged from solution in asolvent, are considered insoluble. The insolubility is believed due tothe highly crosslinked nature of the resin (infra).

By surface area is meant the surface area as measured by the BETtechnique. This technique is well known to those skilled in the art.Further information on this method may be found in S. J. Gregg and K. S.W. Sing, Adsorption, Surface Are and Porosity, Academic Press, New York,1967, especially Chapter 2, which is hereby included by reference. Theequation used to calculate surface area is equation 2.37 given on pg. 49of the above book. Specific details may be found in the description ofthe techniques used in the Examples. The resins have a minimum surfacearea of 100 m² /g, preferably more than about 200 m² /g, and mostpreferably more than about 400 m² /g.

By porosity is meant the porosity as measured by the BET technique.Further information on this method may be found in S. J. Gregg and K. S.W. Sing, Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity, Academic Press, NewYork, 1967, especially Chapter 3, which is hereby included by reference.The method used to calculate porosity is described on pp. 160-167 of theGregg & Sing (supra). Specific details may be found in the descriptionof techniques used in the Examples. Porosity is often expressed in theunits mL/g. This is converted herein by the formula: mL/g×100=percentporosity. The resins have a minimum porosity of 20%, preferably about25% or more, most preferably about 35% or more.

By the term "flexiblizing group" is meant a group in a chain in theresin network that consists of more than 2 "flexiblizing atoms". By "ina chain in the resin network" is meant that the flexiblizing group isnot in a side group, but is part of the polymer chains (seeillustrations of various groups infra). Since in these resins it isimpossible to characterize a particular part of the polymer as a "main"chain or a "crosslink" because of the short distances between branch orcrosslink points, all parts of the resin network are included in "achain in the resin network."

By "flexiblizing atoms" are meant aliphatic and cycloaliphatic carbonatoms, and all heteroatoms that are part of the network (not including aside group). Carbon atoms that are part of carbon-carbon double ortriple bonds or part of aromatic rings are not flexiblizing atoms.Heteroatoms are any atoms besides carbon, hydrogen and halogens that arenormally found in organic compounds. Heteroatoms include, but are notlimited to, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon, germanium, tin,boron and sulfur.

It is believed that resins with improved properties are obtained if theamount of flexiblizing groups is kept to a minimum, less than 10 molepercent, preferably less than 5 mole percent, and most preferably, none.The flexiblizing groups may already be present in a particular monomer,and be incorporated into the resin with that monomer. In that case lessthan 10% of that monomer, as a percentage of the total number of molesof monomer used, should be used. Alternatively, a flexiblizing group maybe formed during the polymerization. In that case the calculated totalnumber of moles of the flexiblizing group formed should be less than 10%of the total number of moles of monomer used.

In order to more clearly define what is and is not a flexiblizing group,the following illustrative examples are offered. In these examples,unfilled covalent bonds that are written horizontally indicate that bondis to a non-flexiblizing atom. Unfilled bonds written vertically are toside groups. Thus ester, ##STR1## and amide groups, ##STR2## are notflexiblizing groups since they have only two flexiblizing groups in thechain, the carbonyl carbon and the ether oxygen or nitrogen. The oxooxygen atom of the carbonyl group is considered a "side group."

The groupings --CH₂ --CH₂ --CH₂ --, --CH₂ --O--CH₂ -- and --CH₂--NH--CH₂ -- are flexiblizing groups since they contain more than 2flexiblizing atoms in the resin chain, but ##STR3## is not aflexiblizing group since both methyl groups are side groups. Similarly,##STR4## and alkyl groups on aromatic rings are not flexiblizing groups.However, ##STR5## 1,4-cyclohexylene and 1,3-cyclohexylene areflexibilizing groups since they contain more than 2 flexibilizing atomsin the resin chain. In the case of 1,2-cyclohexylene, it is morecomplex, since one could count 2 or 4 cycloaliphatic carbon atoms in theresin chain. In cases such as this, the lower number prevails, and1,2-cyclohexylene is not a flexiblizing group.

As stated above, it is preferred to have groups in the polymer which arenot flexible. Thus preferred relatively rigid groups that are part ofthe resin structure include, but are not limited to, 1,4-phenylene,4,4'-biphenylene, 4",4-p-terphenylene, 9,10-anthracenylene,2,6-anthracenylene, 1,4-naphthalenylene, 2,6-naphthalenylene,3,3'-biphenylene, bis(4-phenylene)ether, tris(4-phenylene)amine,tetrakis(4-phenylene)methane, bis(4-phenylene)sulfide,2,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane, tetrakis(4-phenylene)silane andbis(4-phenylene)dimethylsilane. In many of the above mentioned rigidgroups the bonds linking the groups to the resin are either linear orcolinear with respect to one another; such configurations of these bondsare preferred. Especially preferred relatively rigid groups are1,4-phenylene, 4,4'-biphenylene and 4",4-p-terphenylene. The mostpreferred rigid group is 4,4'-biphenylene.

These resins with high surface area and high porosity are useful asabsorbants (as for cleaning up chemical and petroleum spills) (seeExample 2).

This invention also concerns a process for the production of resin,comprising, reacting at least one polyfunctional aryl alkali metalcompound with at least one second polyfunctional monomer, and isolatinga resin with a surface area of at least 100 m² /g and a porosity of atleast 20%, and wherein said resin contains less than 10 mole percent,based on the total amount of monomer, of flexiblizing groups, providedthat at least 10 mole percent of the total moles of said polyfunctionalaryl alkyl metal compound and said second polyfunctional monomer has afunctionality of 3 or more.

The definitions and preferred levels of surface area, porosity andflexiblizing groups in this process are the same as recited above.

By the term "polyfunctional aryl alkali metal compound" is meant acompound that contains two or more alkali metal atoms bound to carbonatoms of aromatic rings in the molecule. It obvious to those skilled inthe art that only one alkali metal atom may be bound to an aromaticcarbon atom. The functionality of the compound is determined by how manyalkali metal atoms are bound to each molecule of the polyfunctional arylalkali metal compound. If more than one aromatic ring is present in thepolyfunctional aryl alkali metal compound, the alkali metal atomspresent may be bound to carbon atoms in the same or different rings. Apreferred alkali metal is lithium.

Polyfunctional aryl alkali metal compounds can be made by a variety ofmethods known to those skilled in the art. For instance, see B. S.Wakefield, Organolithium Methods, Academic Press, London, 1988(especially pg. 24 et. seq.), which is hereby included by reference, andthe specific procedures given in the Examples.

It is understood by those skilled in the art that any particularpolyfunctional aryl alkali metal compounds often may be made by morethan one method or from different starting compounds. Thus thesepolyfunctional aryl alkali metal compounds are most easily specified bythe carbon skeleton they contain and the positions of the metal atoms.Thus, preferred carbon skeletons (open bonds are to alkali metal atoms)are 1,4-phenylene, 4,4'-biphenylene, 4", 4-p-terphenylene,9,10-anthracenylene, 2,6-anthracenylene, 1,4-naphthalenylene,2,6-naphthalenylene, 3,3'-biphenylene, bis(4-phenylene)ether, tris(4-phenylene)amine, tetrakis(4-phenylene)methane,bis(4-phenylene)sulfide, 2,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane,tetrakis(4-phenylene)silane and bis(4-phenylene)dimethylsilane. In manyof the above mentioned polyfunctional aryl alkali metal compoundsskeletons, the carbon-alkali metal bonds are either linear or colinearwith respect to one another; such configurations of the carbon-alkalimetal bonds are preferred. Especially preferred carbon skeletons are1,4-phenylene, 4,4'-biphenylene and 4",4-p-terphenylene. The mostpreferred carbon skeleton is 4,4'-biphenylene.

The polyfunctional aryl alkali metal compound, in combination with thesecond polyfunctional monomer, must meet the limitation on flexibilizinggroups in the composition of the resin that is produced. Otherwise, anysubstituents that do not interfere with the production of thepolyfunctional aryl alkali metal compound or its subsequent reactionwith the second polyfunctional monomer may be present in thepolyfunctional aryl alkali metal compound.

The "second polyfunctional monomer" is a compound that containsfunctional groups that can react with an aryl alkali metal compound.Polyfunctional means that it can react with at least two moles orequivalents of an aryl alkali metal compound, that is two aryl alkalimetal groups (each containing 1 alkali metal atom) can react with thesecond monomer. This may be because there are two or more reactivegroups on the second monomer that can each react with one mole orequivalent of aryl alkali metal compound or there may be one or moregroups that can react with 2 or more moles or equivalents of the arylalkali metal compound. Functional groups that can react with aryl alkalimetal compounds include, but are not limited to, esters, acyl halides,alkyl carbonates, ketones, selected organic halides, epoxides, silicon,germanium, tin, boron and phosphorous halides, and alkoxysilanes.Preferred functional groups on the second monomer are esters, acylhalides, carbonates and silicon halides. Especially preferred secondpolyfunctional monomers are dialkyl carbonates, dialkyl terephthalates,terephthaloyl halides and silicon halides. Most preferred secondpolyfunctional monomers are dimethyl carbonate, dimethyl terephthalate,terephthaloyl chloride and silicon tetrachloride.

It is to be understood that the second polyfunctional monomer must bechosen so that the resin product does not contain more than 10 molepercent flexibilizing groups. That means that flexiblizing groups shouldnot arise because they were originally present in the secondpolyfunctional monomer or are formed in the reaction of the secondpolyfunctional monomer with the polyfunctional aryl alkali metalcompound. The products of the aryl alkali metal compounds with variousfunctional groups are well known to those skilled in the art, so suchselections will be readily made by such practitioners.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the term"polyfunctional" when applied to the aryl alkali metal compound or thesecond polyfunctional monomer is a nominal functionality. As thereaction proceeds a relatively rigid resin framework is (deliberately)built up. In such cases it is possible that groups that have not yet(completely) reacted may be unable to contact their complimentaryreactive group because they are "frozen" in place. Thus a certain(usually unknown) percentage of functional group may go unreacted. Thepolyfunctionality referred to herein is the nominal functionality, as ifall reactive groups have completely reacted. It is understood that atleast 10 mole percent of the total amount of monomers in thepolymerization must (nominally) have a functionality of 3 or more,preferably at least 25 mole percent of the monomers, and most preferablyat least 45 mole percent of the monomers.

The process is preferably carried out in the presence of a solvent.Ethers are preferred solvents, and tetrahydrofuran is especiallypreferred. Solvents that contain groups that react readily with any ofthe reactants should of course be avoided. In particular solventscontaining active hydrogen atoms should be avoided. Other solvents, asfrom the preparation of an alkali metal compound, may also be present(see Examples).

The process is carried out at a temperature of about -80° C. to about+70° C., preferably about -50° C. to about +35° C. It is preferred thatthe reaction mass be agitated.

Since aryl alkali metal compounds react with water, CO₂ and oxygen,these substances should be excluded (except if CO₂ is used as a secondpolyfunctional monomer). It is convenient to carry out the process underan atmosphere of inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon. Also, startingmaterials should be dry.

Product may be isolated by "quenching" any unreacted aryl alkali metalcompound with a hydroxylic solvent such as methanol, separating theprecipitated resin by filtration, washing to remove impurities anddrying the resin. Unlike many high surface area resins and polymerswhich must be dried with care after they are first made, no special careneed to be taken in the drying of these resins to maintain their highsurface area and porosity. It is believed this is at least partially dueto the resin's highly crosslinked nature and the relatively rigidsegments present in the resin.

In the following Examples, before measuring surface area and porosity bythe BET method (supra), the samples were degassed at 80° C. for 14-16hr. at 10⁻⁴ torr. The BET measurements were done with nitrogen.

EXAMPLE 1

A solution of 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl 9.369 g, 30 mmol) in anhydroustetrahydrofuran (200 ml) in a flask equipped with a thermowell,mechanical stirrer and pressure equalized addition funnel was stirredand cooled to -60° C. using a dry-ice/acetone bath. The clear, colorlesssolution obtained was then treated with tert-butyllithium, 1.7M inpentane, 70.6 ml, 120 mmole) the addition rate of which was adjusted tomaintain the reaction temperature below -60° C. This blue-greensuspension was stirred at -60° C. for 1.5 hrs. Dimethyl carbonate 1.80 gwas added dropwise. The resulting blue-gray suspension was then stirredat room temperature overnight (16 hrs.).

The reaction mixture was quenched with water (500 ml), and the solidproduct collected on a filter, repeatedly washed with water, until thefiltrate was neutral to litmus paper, and was then dried under vacuum.Yield 5.74 g yellowish tan polymer.

Surface area: 644 m² /g

Monolayer of gas: 148 ml/g

Pore Volume: 0.59 ml/g

Avg. Pore Diameter: 33 Å

C-13 CP-MAS: 81.4, 127.3, 139.5, 146.3 PPM.

IR: 3440 cm-1: (--OH); 3080: (═CH); 1610, 1495: (aromatic C═C), 815 cm-1(p-disubstituted benzene)

Anal Calc. for C₁₉ H₁₃ O: C 88.7, H 5.1; Found: C 82.4, H 6.2, Br 1.8.

EXAMPLE 2

A solution of 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl (93.6 g, 300 mmol) in anhydroustetrahydrofuran (2000 ml) in a flask equipped with a thermowell,mechanical stirrer and pressure equalized addition funnel was stirredand cooled to -74° C. using a dry-ice/acetone bath. The clear, colorlesssolution obtained was then treated with tert-butyl lithium, 1.7M inpentane, (910 ml, 1547 mmol) the addition rate of which was adjusted tomaintain the reaction temperature below -68° C. This blue-greensuspension was stirred at -74° C. for 2 hrs. then a solution of4,4'-dibromobiphenyl (27.1 g, 86.8 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran(300 ml) was added, the addition rate again adjusted to maintainreaction temperature below -68° C. Upon completion of the addition, thecooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture allowed to stir andwarm to -20° C. The reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature of-20° C. by use of a wet-ice/methanol bath while a solution of dimethylcarbonate (23.23 g, 258 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (250 ml) wasadded dropwise. The resulting blue-gray suspension was then stirred toroom temperature overnight (16 hrs.).

The reaction mixture was quenched with methanol (500 ml), acidified topH˜6 with hydrochloric acid (10N) and filtered. The filtercake wasrepeatedly washed with water, until the filtrate was neutral to litmuspaper, then dried under vacuum. Yield 68.5 g (103%).

Surface area: 1167 m₂ /g

Monolayer of gas: 268 ml/g

Pore Volume: 0.79 ml/g

Avg. Pore Diameter: 28.2 Å

C-13 CP-MAS: 80, 125.8, 138.8, 143.8 PPM

IR: 3570: (--OH); 3080 and 3030: (═CH); 1610, 1495: (aromatic C═C); 815cm⁻¹ : (p-disubstituted benzene).

About 3 g of "Sid Harvey's All Purpose Motor Oil" was floated on thesurface of about 50 ml of water in a crystallizing dish. Then 0.75 g ofthe above resin was added. The mixture was gently agitated and the dishwas tapped, after which all of the oil had been absorbed. Filtrationyielded a resin which felt dry and powdery. Methylene chlorideextraction of the resin resulted in reclamation of the oil. After thesame resin was redried, it again absorbed oil in the same manner. Thisillustrates the use of the resin to absorb organic liquids (such as oilspills), and the ability to reuse the resin by extracting the absorbedmatter.

A mixture of 1.56 g of benzene, 1.84 g of toluene, 2.16 g of benzylalcohol (all 20 mmoles) and 300 ml of hexane was made up in anErlenmeyer flask, and then 10 g of the above resin was added. Themixture was stirred 15 min and filtered. GC analysis before the resinwas added and after it was filtered off indicate that the benzyl alcoholwas almost completely removed by adsorption by the resin. The shows thatbesides being able to absorb organic compounds, such adsorption may beselective.

Equal volumes of methanol/water; tetrahydrofuran/water;tetrahydrofuran/hexane; methanol/hexane; andmethanol/hexane/tetrahydrofuran were made up. To each was added 1/6 itsweight of the above resin. The resulting mixture was filtered, and thefiltrate was analyzed by GC. There was little or no preferentialadsorption by the resin except for the last mixture in which there was aslight preference to absorb methanol.

EXAMPLE 3

A solution of 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl (9.36 g, 30 mmol) in anhydroustetrahydrofuran (190 ml) in a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer,thermowell and a stopcocked, septum-inlet adapter was cooled to -73° C.by immersion in a dry-ice/acetone bath. The clear solution obtained wastreated with n-butyllithium, 1.25M in hexanes, (48 ml, 60 mmol) with theaddition rate adjusted to maintain the reaction temperature below -65°C. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture, a whitesuspension, was allowed to warm to 0° C., then recooled to -73° C. in adry-ice/acetone bath. A solution of dimethyl terephthalate (2.91 g, 15mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (75 ml) was added and the resultinggreenish mixture allowed to stand and warm to room temperature overnight(16 hrs.).

The reaction mixture was quenched with methanol (200 ml), acidified topH˜5 with hydrochloric acid (10N) and filtered. The white, solidfiltercake was washed with water, until the filtrate was neutral tolitmus paper, rinsed with methanol and dried under vacuum. Yield 6.7 g(101%).

Surface area: 580 m² /g

Monolayer of gas: 133 ml/g

Pore volume: 0.42 ml/g

Avg. Pore Diameter: 29.1 Å

IR: 3570: (--OH); 3080: (═CH); 2950, 2920, 2860 and 2820: (sat'd --CH);1720: (conj. C═O); 1610 and 1495: (aromatic C═C); 815 cm⁻¹ :(p-disubstituted benzene).

EXAMPLE 4

A solution of tetra(p-bromophenyl)methane (9.54 g, 15 mmol) in anhydroustetrahydrofuran (250 ml) in a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer,thermowell and stopcocked, septum-inlet adapter was stirred and cooledto -76° C. by immersion in a dry-ice/acetone bath. The clear yellowsolution obtained was treated with tertbutyl lithium, 1.6M in pentane,(75 ml, 120 mmol) with the addition rate adjusted to maintain thereaction temperature below -70° C. The resulting, deep-red, suspensionwas stirred at -76° C. for 2 hrs., then a solution of dimethyl carbonate(0.90 g, 10 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) was addeddropwise. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture, greensuspension, was stirred to room temperature overnight (16 hrs.).

Methylchloroformate (10 ml) was added with stirring, to form carboxylicend groups, and the reaction mixture then quenched with methanol (50ml). The reaction mixture was washed with water (3×500 ml) and thesolids formed were collected by filtration, washed with water, thenmethanol and dried under vacuum. Yield 5.98 g (112%).

Surface area: 626.9 m² /g

Monolayer of gas: 144.09 ml/g

Pore Volume: 0.52 ml/g

Avg. Pore Diameter: 31.7 Å C-13 CP-MAS: 30, 50, 65, 80,129 ppm, 146 ppm,166 PPM IR: 3440: (--OH); 3080, 3060, and 3030: (═CH); 2950 cm⁻¹ :sat'dCH; 1730 cm⁻¹ :conj.ester C═O; 1605 and 1500: (aromatic C═C); 1280 cm⁻¹: (aromatic ester C--O--).

EXAMPLE 5

A solution of tris(p-bromophenyl)amine (4.82 g, 10 mmol) in anhydroustetrahydrofuran (125 ml) in a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer,thermowell and a stopcocked, septum-inlet adapter was cooled to -75° C.by immersion in a dry-ice/acetone bath. The clear orange solutionobtained was then treated with tert-butyl lithium, 1.48M in pentane,(40.5 ml, 60 mmol) with the addition rate adjusted to maintain reactiontemperature below -70° C. The cooling bath was removed and the yellowishreaction mixture allowed to warm to -10° C., with stirring. The reactionmixture was recooled in an acetone bath by the addition of dry-ice, asnecessary, to maintain a reaction temperature of -30° C. while asolution of dimethyl carbonate (0.901 g, 10 mmol) in anhydroustetrahydrofuran (20 ml) was added dropwise. The cooling bath was againremoved and the greenish reaction mixture stirred to room temperature.The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs.,quenched with methanol (100 ml) and the resulting orangeish mixturefiltered. The filtercake was washed with methanol until the filtrate wasneutral to litmus paper and dried under vacuum. Yield 2.93 g (103%).

Surface area: 549 m² /g

Monolayer of gas: 126 ml/g

Pore Volume: 0.37 ml/g

Avg. Pore Diameter: 25.8 Å

EXAMPLE 6

A solution of 4-bromophenyl ether (12.30 g, 37.5 mmol) in anhydroustetrahydrofuran (375 ml) in a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer,thermowell and a stopcocked, septum-inlet adapter was stirred and cooledto -75° C. by immersion in a dry-ice/acetone bath. The clear, colorlesssolution obtained was then treated with tert-butyl lithium, 1.7M inpentane, (88.2 ml, 150 mmol) with the addition rate adjusted to maintainthe reaction temperature below -70° C. The reaction mixture, a whitesuspension, was stirred at -75° C. for 1 hr. after which a solution ofdimethyl carbonate (2.25 g, 25 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (45ml) was added dropwise and the resulting greenish tinted mixture stirredto room temperature overnight (16 hrs.).

The reaction mixture was quenched with methanol (100 ml), filtered andthe filtercake repeatedly washed with methanol until the filtrate wasneutral to litmus paper. The solid product obtained was dried undervacuum. Yield 6.86 g (93%).

Surface area: 384 m² /g

Monolayer of gas: 88 ml/g

Pore Volume: 0.31 ml/g

Avg. Pore Diameter: 27.8 Å

IR: 3040: (═CH); 2940 and 2820: (sat'd-CH); 1595 and 1495: (aromaticC═C); 1235: (aryl C--O--); 830 cm⁻¹ ; (p-disubstituted benzene).

EXAMPLE 7

A solution of 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl (7.80 g, 25 mmol) in anhydroustetrahydrofuran (156 ml) in a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer,thermowell and a stopcocked, septum-inlet adapter was cooled to -74° C.by immersion in a dry-ice/acetone bath. The clear solution obtained wastreated with t-butyl lithium, 1.81M in methane, (55.2 ml, 100 mmol) withthe addition rate adjusted to maintain the reaction temperature below-65° C. The mixture was stirred 1 hr at -74° and 2.12 g (12.5 mmole)tetrachlorosilane was then added. After stirring 2 hr. at -74° C. thecooling bath was removed and the resulting greenish mixture was allowedto stand and warm to room temperature overnight (16 hrs.).

The reaction mixture was quenched with 600 ml MeOH/H₂ O (1.1). The lightyellow tan solid was collected on a filter, washed with more water, andwas dried under vacuum. Yield 4.7 g.

Surface area: 1068 m² /g

Pore Volume: 0.66 ml/g

Avg. pore Diameter: 24.7 Å

13-C CP/MAS 141.5, 135.4, 126.7, ppm

Si-29 MAS -14 ppm (Ar₄ Si), -29 ppm (Ar₃ SiO).

IR: 3600-3400 (OH), 3060, 3010 (═CH), 2960 (OH), 1590, 1520, 1480, (Ar,C═C) 1110, 700 (SiAr) 805 cm⁻¹ (p-Sub Ar).

Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been describedhereinabove, it is to be understood that there is no intention to limitthe invention to the precise constructions herein disclosed, and it isto be further understood that the right is reserved to all changescoming within the scope of the invention as defined by the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising a crosslinked polymericresin insoluble in common organic solvents and having a surface area ofat least 100 m² /g and a porosity of at least 20%, and wherein saidresin contains less than 10 mole percent, based on the total amount ofmonomer, of flexibilizing groups.
 2. A composition, as recited in claim1 wherein said surface area is at least 200 m² /g.
 3. A composition asrecited in claim 2 wherein said surface area is at least 400 m² /g.
 4. Acomposition as recited in claim 1 wherein said porosity is at least 25%.5. A composition as recited in claim 4 wherein said porosity is at least35%.
 6. A composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said resin containsless than 5 mole percent, based on the total amount of monomer, offlexibilizing groups.
 7. A composition as recited in claim 6 whereinsaid resin contains no flexibilizing groups.
 8. A composition as recitedin claim 3 wherein said resin contains no flexibilizing groups.
 9. Acomposition as recited in claim 4 wherein said resin contains noflexibilizing groups.
 10. A composition as recited in claim 9 whereinsaid surface area is at least 200 m² /g.
 11. A composition as recited inclaim 1 wherein one or more heteroatoms selected from the groupconsisting of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon, germanium, tin,boron and sulfur is present in said resin.
 12. A composition comprisinga crosslinked polymeric resin insoluble in common organic solvents andhaving a surface area of at least 100 m² /g and a porosity of at least20%, and wherein said resin contains less than 10 mole percent, based onthe total amount of monomer, of flexibilizing groups, also containingone or more rigid groups selected from the group consisting of:1,4-phenylene, 4,4'-biphenylene, 4",4-p-terphenylene, 9,10-anthracenylene, 2,6-anthracenylene, 1,4-naphthalenylene,2,6-naphthalenylene, 3,3'-biphenylene, bis(4-phenylene)ether,tris(4-phenylene)amine, tetrakis(4-phenylene)methane, bis(4-phenylene)sulfide, 2,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane, tetrakis(4-phenylene)silane andbis(4-phenylene)dimethylsilane.
 13. A composition as recited in claim 12wherein one or more said rigid groups, selected from the groupconsisting of 1,4-phenylene, 4,4'-biphenylene and 4",4-p-terphenylene,are present in said resin.
 14. A composition as recited in claim 13wherein said rigid group is 4,4'-biphenylene.
 15. A composition asrecited in claim 1 wherein one or more of the rigid groups is connectedto the resin through bonds that are linear or colinear with respect toone another.